Proyecto de Investigación: INSTRUMENTACION PARA LA INVESTIGACION ATMOSFERICA EN LA SUPERFICIE DE MARTE
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RTI2018-099825-B-C31
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The dynamic atmospheric and aeolian environment of Jezero crater, Mars
(Science Publishin Group, 2022-05-25) Newman, C. E.; Hueso, R.; Lemmon, M. T.; Munguira, A.; Vicente Retortillo, Á.; Martínez, G. M.; Toledo, D.; Sullivan, R.; Herkenhoff, K. E.; De la Torre Juárez, M.; Richardson, M. I.; Stott, A. E.; Murdoch, N.; Sánchez Lavega, A.; Wolff, M. J.; Arruego, I.; Sebastián, E.; Navarro, Sara; Gómez Elvira, J.; Tamppari, L. K.; Smith, M. D.; Lepinette, A.; Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel; Harri, Ari-Matti; Genzer, M.; Hieta, M.; Lorenz, R. D.; Conrad, Pamela G.; Gómez, F.; Mcconnochie, T. H.; Mimoun, D.; Tate, C.; Bertrand, T.; Belli, J. F.; Maki, Justin N.; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.; Wiens, R. C.; Chide, B.; Maurice, S.; Zorzano, María Paz; Mora, L.; Baker, M. M.; Banfield, D.; Pla García, J.; Beyssac, O.; Brown, Adrian Jon; Clark, B.; Montmessin, F.; Fischer, E.; Patel, P.; Del Río Gaztelurrutia, T.; Fouchet, T.; Francis, R.; Guzewich, S. D.; Apéstigue, Víctor; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Gobierno Vasco; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
Despite the importance of sand and dust to Mars geomorphology, weather, and exploration, the processes that move sand and that raise dust to maintain Mars’ ubiquitous dust haze and to produce dust storms have not been well quantified in situ, with missions lacking either the necessary sensors or a sufficiently active aeolian environment. Perseverance rover’s novel environmental sensors and Jezero crater’s dusty environment remedy this. In Perseverance’s first 216 sols, four convective vortices raised dust locally, while, on average, four passed the rover daily, over 25% of which were significantly dusty (“dust devils”). More rarely, dust lifting by nonvortex wind gusts was produced by daytime convection cells advected over the crater by strong regional daytime upslope winds, which also control aeolian surface features. One such event covered 10 times more area than the largest dust devil, suggesting that dust devils and wind gusts could raise equal amounts of dust under nonstorm conditions.
Dust, Sand, and Winds Within an Active Martian Storm in Jezero Crater
(AGU Advancing Earth and Space Science, 2022-11-16) Lemmon, M. T.; Smith, M. D.; Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel; De la Torre Juarez, M.; Vicente Retortillo, Á.; Munguira, A.; Sánchez Lavega, A.; Hueso, R.; Martínez, Germán; Chide, B.; Sullivan, R.; Toledo, D.; Tamppari, L. K.; Bertrand, T.; Bell, J. F.; Newman, C. E.; Baker, M.; Banfield, D.; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.; Maki, Justin N.; Apéstigue, Víctor; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); Arizona State University (ASU); European Research Council (ERC); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
Rovers and landers on Mars have experienced local, regional, and planetary-scale dust storms. However, in situ documentation of active lifting within storms has remained elusive. Over 5–11 January 2022 (LS 153°–156°), a dust storm passed over the Perseverance rover site. Peak visible optical depth was ∼2, and visibility across the crater was briefly reduced. Pressure amplitudes and temperatures responded to the storm. Winds up to 20 m s−1 rotated around the site before the wind sensor was damaged. The rover imaged 21 dust-lifting events—gusts and dust devils—in one 25-min period, and at least three events mobilized sediment near the rover. Rover tracks and drill cuttings were extensively modified, and debris was moved onto the rover deck. Migration of small ripples was seen, but there was no large-scale change in undisturbed areas. This work presents an overview of observations and initial results from the study of the storm.
Radiation and Dust Sensor for Mars Environmental Dynamic Analyzer Onboard M2020 Rover
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2022-04-10) Jiménez, J. J.; Boland, J.; Lemmon, M. T.; García Menéndez, Elisa; Rivas, J.; Azcue, J.; Bastide, L.; Andrés Santiuste, N.; Martínez Oter, J.; González Guerrero, M.; Toledo, D.; Álvarez Rios, F. J.; Serrano, F.; Martín Vodopivec, B.; Manzano, J.; López Heredero, R.; Carrasco, I.; Aparicio, S.; Carretero, Á.; MacDonald, D. R.; Moore, L. B.; Alcacera Gil, María Ángeles; Fernández Viguri, J. A.; Martín, I.; Yela González, M.; Álvarez, M.; Manzano, P.; Martín, J. A.; Reina, M.; Urquí, R.; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.; De la Torre Juárez, M.; Córdoba, E.; Leiter, R.; Thompson, A.; Madsen, S.; Smith, M. D.; Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel; Saix López, A.; Sánchez Lavega, A.; Apéstigue, Víctor; Gómez Martín, L.; Gonzalo Melchor, Alejandro; Martínez, G. M.; de Mingo Martín, José Ramón; Gómez Elvira, J.; Martín-Ortega, Alberto; Arruego, I.; del Hoyo Gordillo, Juan Carlos; Martín-Ortega, Alberto; González Hernández, Carmen; Martín-Ortega, Alberto; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Comunidad de Madrid; Gobierno Vasco; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
The Radiation and Dust Sensor is one of six sensors of the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer onboard the Perseverance rover from the Mars 2020 NASA mission. Its primary goal is to characterize the airbone dust in the Mars atmosphere, inferring its concentration, shape and optical properties. Thanks to its geometry, the sensor will be capable of studying dust-lifting processes with a high temporal resolution and high spatial coverage. Thanks to its multiwavelength design, it will characterize the solar spectrum from Mars’ surface. The present work describes the sensor design from the scientific and technical requirements, the qualification processes to demonstrate its endurance on Mars’ surface, the calibration activities to demonstrate its performance, and its validation campaign in a representative Mars analog. As a result of this process, we obtained a very compact sensor, fully digital, with a mass below 1 kg and exceptional power consumption and data budget features.
Denoising Atmospheric Temperature Measurements Taken by the Mars Science Laboratory on the Martian Surface
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2020-10-30) Zurita, S.; Escribano, F.; Sáez Landete, J.; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); 0000-0002-3136-2720; 0000-0002-7648-2734; 0000-0002-9384-9745; 0000-0003-0461-9815
In this article, we analyze data from two temperature sensors of the Mars Science Laboratory, which has been active in Mars since August 2012. Temperature measurements received from the rover are noisy and must be processed and validated before being delivered to the scientific community. Currently, a simple moving average (MA) filter is used to perform signal denoising. The application of this basic method relies on the assumption that the noise is stationary and statistically independent of the underlying structure of the signal, an arguable assumption in this kind of harsh environment. In this article, we analyze the application of two alternative methods to process the temperature sensor measurements: the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and the Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT). We consider two different data sets: one belonging to the current Martian measurement campaigns, and the other to the thermal vacuum tests. The processing of these data sets allows to separate the random noise from the interference created by other systems. The experiments show that the MA filter may provide useful results under given circumstances. However, the proposed methods allow a better fitting for all the realistic scenarios while providing the possibility to identify and analyze other interesting signal features and artifacts that could be later studied and classified. The large amount of data to be processed makes computational efficiency an important requirement in this mission. Considering the computational cost and the filtering performance, we propose the method based on DWT as more suitable for this application.
The diverse meteorology of Jezero crater over the first 250 sols of Perseverance on Mars
(Nature Publishing Group, 2023-01-09) Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.; De la Torre Juárez, M.; Sánchez Lavega, Agustín; Hueso, R.; Martínez, Germán; Lemmon, M. T.; Newman, C. E.; Munguira, A.; Hieta, M.; Tamppari, L. K.; Polkko, J.; Toledo, D.; Sebastian, D.; Smith, M. D.; Jaakonaho, I.; Genzer, M.; Vicente Retortillo, Á.; Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel; Ramos, M.; Saiz López, A.; Lepinette, A.; Wolff, M.; Sullivan, R. J.; Gómez Elvira, J.; Conrad, P.; Del Río Gaztelurrutia, T.; Murdoch, N.; Arruego, I.; Banfield, D.; Boland, J.; Brown, Adrian Jon; Ceballos, J.; Domínguez Pumar, M.; Espejo, S.; Fairén, A.; Ferrándiz Guibelalde, Ricardo; Fischer, E.; García Villadangos, M.; Giménez Torregrosa, S.; Gómez Gómez, F.; Guzewich, S. D.; Harri, Ari-Matti; Jiménez Martín, Juan José; Jiménez, V.; Makinen, Terhi; Marín Jiménez, M.; Martín Rubio, C.; Martín Soler, J.; Molina, A.; Mora Sotomayor, L.; Navarro, Sara; Peinado, V.; Pérez Grande, I.; Pla García, J.; Postigo, M.; Prieto Ballesteros, O.; Rafkin, S. C. R.; Richardson, M. I.; Romeral, J.; Savijärv, H.; Schofield, J. T.; Torres, J.; Urquí, R.; Apéstigue, Víctor; Zurita, S.; Romero Guzman, Catalina; NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); European Commission (EC); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); California Institute of Technology (CIT); Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
NASA’s Perseverance rover’s Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer is collecting data at Jezero crater, characterizing the physical processes in the lowest layer of the Martian atmosphere. Here we present measurements from the instrument’s first 250 sols of operation, revealing a spatially and temporally variable meteorology at Jezero. We find that temperature measurements at four heights capture the response of the atmospheric surface layer to multiple phenomena. We observe the transition from a stable night-time thermal inversion to a daytime, highly turbulent convective regime, with large vertical thermal gradients. Measurement of multiple daily optical depths suggests aerosol concentrations are higher in the morning than in the afternoon. Measured wind patterns are driven mainly by local topography, with a small contribution from regional winds. Daily and seasonal variability of relative humidity shows a complex hydrologic cycle. These observations suggest that changes in some local surface properties, such as surface albedo and thermal inertia, play an influential role. On a larger scale, surface pressure measurements show typical signatures of gravity waves and baroclinic eddies in a part of the seasonal cycle previously characterized as low wave activity. These observations, both com
