Examinando por Autor "Schmitt, J. H. M. M."

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Acceso Abierto
A giant exoplanet orbiting a very-low-mass star challenges planet formation models
(American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2019-09-27) Morales, J. C.; Mustill, A. J.; Ribas, I.; Davies, M. B.; Reiners, A.; Bauer, F. F.; Kossakowski, D.; Herrero, E.; Rodríguez, E.; López González, M. J.; Rodríguez López, C.; Cifuentes, C.; Mordasini, C.; Jeffers, S. V.; Rix, H. W.; Ofir, A.; Kürster, M.; Henning, T.; Emsenhuber, A.; Passegger, V. M.; Abellán, F. J.; Rodríguez Trinidad, A.; Pedraz, S.; Aceituno, J.; Seifert, W.; Fernández Martín, A.; Zechmeister, M.; De Juan, E.; Perryman, M. A. C.; Antona, R.; Alonso Floriano, F. J.; Ferro, I. M.; Johnson, E. N.; Labiche, N.; Rebolo, R.; Becerril Jarque, S.; Azzaro, M.; Fuhrmeister, B.; Lizon, J. L.; Perger, M.; Brinkmöller, M.; Berdiñas, Z. M.; Galadí Enríquez, D.; López Santiago, J.; Cortés Contreras, M.; Calvo Ortega, R.; Del Burgo, C.; Gallardo Cava, I.; Rosich, A.; Cardona Guillén, C.; Cano, J.; García Vargas, M. L.; Amado, P. J.; Casanova, V.; Carro, J.; García Piquer, A.; Kaminski, A.; Chaturvedi, P.; Gesa, L.; Abril, M.; Claret, A.; González Álvarez, E.; Ammler von Eiff, M.; Czesla, S.; Barrado, D.; Dorda, R.; González Peinado, R.; Fernández Hernández, Maite; Klüter, J.; Kim, M.; Lara, L. M.; Lampón, M.; López del Fresno, M.; Lodieu, N.; Mancini, L.; Mall, U.; Martín Fernández, P.; Mirabet, E.; Nortmann, L.; Pallé, E.; Caballero, J. A.; Huke, P.; Huber, A.; Holgado, G.; Klutsch, A.; Launhardt, R.; López Salas, F. J.; Stürmer, J.; Suárez, J. C.; Tabernero, H.; Tulloch, S. M.; Veredas, G.; Vico Linares, J. I.; Vilardell, F.; Wagner, K.; Winkler, J.; Wolthoff, V.; Sánchez López, A.; Sánchez Blanco, E.; Sadegi, S.; Labarga, F.; Marfil, E.; Casasayas Barris, N.; Bergond, G.; Martín, E. L.; Mandel, H.; Sarkis, P.; Lázaro, F. J.; Luque, R.; Burn, R.; Marvin, E. L.; Martín Ruiz, S.; Sarmiento, L. F.; González Cuesta, L.; Anglada Escudé, G.; Cárdenas, M. C.; Nelson, R. P.; Moya, A.; Schäfer, S.; Reffert, S.; Casal, E.; Pascual, J.; Nowak, G.; Schlecker, M.; Quirrenbach, A.; Kemmer, J.; Pérez Medialdea, D.; Pavlov, A.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M.; Lalitha, S.; Rabaza, O.; Pérez Calpena, A.; Schöfer, P.; Llamas, M.; Redondo, P.; Ramón Ballesta, A.; Magán Madinabeitia, H.; Rodler, F.; Sota, A.; Marín Molina, J. A.; Sabotta, S.; Stahl, O.; Martínez Rodríguez, H.; Salz, M.; Stock, S.; Naranjo, V.; Sánchez Carrasco, M. A.; Stuber, T.; Sanz Forcada, J.; Johansen, A.; Baroch, D.; Lafarga, M.; Dreizler, S.; Tal Or, L.; Schweitzer, A.; Hagen, H. J.; Guenther, E. W.; Montes, D.; Aceituno, Francisco José; Arroyo Torres, B.; Benítez, D.; Kehr, M.; Béjar, V. J. S.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Yan, F.; Klahr, H.; Nagel, E.; Trifonov, T.; Guàrdia, J.; Guijarro, A.; De Guindos, E.; Hatzes, A. P.; Hauschildt, P. H.; Hedrosa, R. P.; Hermelo, I.; Hernández Arabi, R.; Hernández Otero, F.; Hintz, D.; Díez Alonso, E.; Colomé, J.; González Hernández, Carmen; Solano, Enrique; Israel Science Foundation (ISF); Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT); Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR); Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (MIUR); European Research Council (ERC); Generalitat de Catalunya; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); Queen Mary University of London; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT); Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737; Morales, J. C. [0000-0003-0061-518X]; Mustill, A. J. [0000-0002-2086-3642]; Ribas, I. [0000-0002-6689-0312]; Davies, M. B. [0000-0001-6080-1190]; Bauer, F. F. [0000-0003-1212-5225]; Herrrero, E. [0000-0001-8602-6639]; Rodríguez, E. [0000-0001-6827-9077]; López González, M. J. [0000-0001-8104-5128]; Rodríguez López, C. [0000-0001-5559-7850]; López González, M. J. [0000-0001-8104-5128]; Rodríguez López, C. [0000-0001-5559-7850]; Luque, R. [0000-0002-4671-2957]; López Santiago, J. [0000-0003-2402-8166]; Perger, M. [0000-0001-7098-0372]; Guenther, E. W. [0000-0002-9130-6747]; Schmitt, J. H. M. M. [0000-0003-2554-9916]; Mordasini, C. [0000-0002-1013-2811]; Aceituno, J. [0000-0003-0487-1105]; Stock, S. [0000-0002-1166-9338]; Lafarga, M. [0000-0002-8815-9416]; Nagel, E. [0000-0002-4019-3631]; Barrado, D. [0000-0002-5971-9242]; Tulloch, S. [0000-0003-0840-8521]; Rosich, A. [0000-0002-9141-3067]; Trifonov, T. [0000-0002-0236-775X]; Bergond, G. [0000-0003-3132-9215]; Zapatero Osorio, M. R. [0000-0001-5664-2852]; Kaminski, A. [0000-0003-0203-8208]; Montes, D. [0000-0002-7779-238X]; Cano, J. [0000-0003-1984-5401]; Baroch, D. [0000-0001-7568-5161]; Alonso Floriano, F. J. [0000-0003-1202-5734]; Sabotta, S. [0000-0001-9078-5574]; Ammler-von Eiff, M. [0000-0001-9565-1698]; Chaturvedi, P. [0000-0002-1887-1192]; Anglada Escudé, G. [0000-0002-3645-5977]; Becerril Jarque, S. [0000-0001-9009-1150]; Díez Alonso, E. [0000-0002-5826-9892]; Passegger, V. M. [0000-0002-8569-7243]; Burn, R. [0000-0002-9020-7309]; García Vargas, M. L. [0000-0002-2058-3528]; Amado, P. J. [0000-0002-8388-6040]; Cardona Guillén, C. [0000-0002-2198-4200]; Carro, J. [0000-0002-0838-3603]; Guàrdia, J. [0000-0002-7191-9001]; Abellán, F. J. [0000-0002-5724-1636]; Cifuentes, C. [0000-0003-1715-5087]; Colomé, J. [0000-0002-1678-2241]; Hermelo, I. [0000-0001-9178-694X]; Arroyo Torres, B. [0000-0002-3392-4694]; Emsenhuber, A. [0000-0002-8811-1914]; Fuhrmeister, B. [0000-0001-8321-5514]; Johnson, E. [0000-0003-2260-5134]; Berdiñas, Z. M. [0000-0002-6057-6461]; González Álvarez, E. [0000-0002-4820-2053]; González Cuesta, L. [0000-0002-1241-5508]; González Hernández, J. I. [0000-0002-0264-7356]; Klüter, J. [0000-0002-3469-5133]; Calvo Ortega, R. [0000-0003-3693-6030]; Guijarro, A. [0000-0001-5518-1759]; Lara, L. M. [0000-0002-7184-920X]; Casasayas Barris, N. [0000-0002-2891-8222]; Hintz, D. [0000-0002-5274-2589]; López del Fresno, M. [0000-0002-9479-7780]; Czesla, S. [0000-0002-4203-4773]; De Juan Fernández, E. [0000-0002-9382-4505]; Kehr, M. [0000-0002-7420-7368]; Marín Molina, J. A. [0000-0002-3525-0806]; Galadí Enríquez, D. [0000-0003-4946-5653]; Klutsch, A. [0000-0001-7869-3888]; Labarga, F. [0000-0002-7143-0206]; Martínez Rodríguez, H. [0000-0002-1919-228X]; González Peinado, R. [0000-0002-6658-8930]; Launhardt, R. [0000-0002-8298-2663]; Lizon, J. L. [0000-0001-8928-2566]; Naranjo, V. [0000-0003-0097-1061]; De Guindos, E. [0000-0002-8124-9101]; Magan Madinabeitia, H. [0000-0003-1243-4597]; Aceituno, F. J. [0000-0001-8074-4760]; Manici, L. [0000-0002-9428-8732]; Ofir, A. [0000-0002-9152-5042]; Huke, P. [0000-0001-5913-2743]; Martín, E. [0000-0002-1208-4833]; Rabaza, O. [0000-0003-2766-2103]; Kim, M. [0000-0001-6218-2004]; Marvin, C. J. [0000-0002-2249-2611]; Rodríguez Trinidad, A. [0000-0002-3356-8634]; Lampón, M. [0000-0002-0183-7158]; Nelson, R. [0000-0002-9687-8779]; Nortmann, L. [0000-0001-8419-8760]; Sanz Forcada, J. [0000-0002-1600-7835]; Lodieu, N. [0000-0002-3612-8968]; Pascual Granado, J. [0000-0003-0139-6951]; Pedraz, S. [0000-0003-1346-208X]; Schäfer, S. [0000-0001-8597-8048]; Marfil, E. [0000-0001-8907-4775]; Ramón Ballesta, A. [0000-0002-4323-0610]; Redondo, P. G. [0000-0001-5992-5778]; Schöfer, P. [0000-0002-5969-3708]; Martín Ruiz, S. [0000-0002-9006-7182]; Sadegi, S. [0000-0001-9897-6121]; García Piquer, A. [0000-0002-6872-4262]; Sánchez Carrasco, M. A. [0000-0001-5533-3660]; Stuber, T. [0000-0003-2185-0525]; Moya, A. [0000-0003-1665-5389]; Sarkis, P. [0000-0001-8128-3126]; Vilardell, F. [0000-0003-0441-1504]; Nowak, G. [0000-0002-7031-7754]; Schlecker, M. [0000-0001-8355-2107]; Béjar, V. J. S. [0000-0002-5086-4232]; Pérez Calpena, A. [0000-0001-7361-9240]; Solano, E. [0000-0003-1885-5130]; Sota, A. [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9404-6952]; Klahr, H. [0000-0002-8227-5467]; Rodler, F. [0000-0003-0650-5723]; Suárez, J. C. [0000-0003-3649-8384]; Tabernero, H. [0000-0002-8087-4298]; Cortés Contreras, M. [0000-0003-3734-9866]; Sánchez López, A. [0000-0002-0516-7956]; Winkler, J. [0000-0003-0568-8820]; Yan, F. [0000-0001-9585-9034]; Reffert, S. [0000-0002-0460-8289]; Sarmiento, L. F. [0000-0002-8475-9705]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737; Centros de Excelencia Severo Ochoa, INSTITUTO DE ASTROFISICA DE ANDALUCIA (IAA), SEV-2017-0709
Surveys have shown that super-Earth and Neptune-mass exoplanets are more frequent than gas giants around low-mass stars, as predicted by the core accretion theory of planet formation. We report the discovery of a giant planet around the very-low-mass star GJ 3512, as determined by optical and near-infrared radial-velocity observations. The planet has a minimum mass of 0.46 Jupiter masses, very high for such a small host star, and an eccentric 204-day orbit. Dynamical models show that the high eccentricity is most likely due to planet-planet interactions. We use simulations to demonstrate that the GJ 3512 planetary system challenges generally accepted formation theories, and that it puts constraints on the planet accretion and migration rates. Disk instabilities may be more efficient in forming planets than previously thought.Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science
Acceso Abierto
He I λ 10 830 Å in the transmission spectrum of HD209458 b
(EDP Sciences, 2019-09-12) Alonso Floriano, F. J.; Snellen, I. A. G.; Czesla, S.; Bauer, F. F.; Salz, M.; Lampón, M.; Lara, L. M.; Nagel, E.; López Puertas, M.; Nortmann, L.; Sánchez López, A.; Sanz Forcada, J.; Caballero, J. A.; Reiners, A.; Ribas, I.; Quirrenbach, A.; Amado, P. J.; Aceituno, J.; Anglada Escudé, G.; Béjar, V. J. S.; Brinkmöller, M.; Hatzes, A. P.; Henning, T.; Kaminski, A.; Kürster, M.; Labarga, F.; Montes, D.; Pallé, E.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); European Research Council (ERC); Comunidad de Madrid; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Alonso Floriano, F. J. [0000-0003-1202-5734]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737; Centros de Excelencia Severo Ochoa, INSTITUTO DE ASTROFISICA DE ANDALUCIA (IAA), SEV-2017-0709
Context. Recently, the He I triplet at 10 830 Å was rediscovered as an excellent probe of the extended and possibly evaporating atmospheres of close-in transiting planets. This has already resulted in detections of this triplet in the atmospheres of a handful of planets, both from space and from the ground. However, while a strong signal is expected for the hot Jupiter HD 209458 b, only upper limits have been obtained so far. Aims. Our goal is to measure the helium excess absorption from HD 209458 b and assess the extended atmosphere of the planet and possible evaporation. Methods. We obtained new high-resolution spectral transit time-series of HD 209458 b using CARMENES at the 3.5 m Calar Alto telescope, targeting the He I triplet at 10 830 Å at a spectral resolving power of 80 400. The observed spectra were corrected for stellar absorption lines using out-of-transit data, for telluric absorption using the MOLECFIT software, and for the sky emission lines using simultaneous sky measurements through a second fibre. Results. We detect He I absorption at a level of 0.91 ± 0.10% (9 σ) at mid-transit. The absorption follows the radial velocity change of the planet during transit, unambiguously identifying the planet as the source of the absorption. The core of the absorption exhibits a net blueshift of 1.8 ± 1.3 km s−1. Possible low-level excess absorption is seen further blueward from the main absorption near the centre of the transit, which could be caused by an extended tail. However, this needs to be confirmed. Conclusions. Our results further support a close relation between the strength of planetary absorption in the helium triplet lines and the level of ionising, stellar X-ray, and extreme-UV irradiation.
Acceso Abierto
Multiple water band detections in the CARMENES near-infrared transmission spectrum of HD 189733 b
(EDP Sciences, 2019-01-10) Alonso Floriano, F. J.; Sánchez López, A.; Snellen, I. A. G.; López Puertas, M.; Nagel, E.; Amado, P. J.; Bauer, F. F.; Caballero, J. A.; Czesla, S.; Nortmann, L.; Pallé, E.; Salz, M.; Reiners, A.; Ribas, I.; Quirrenbach, A.; Aceituno, J.; Anglada Escudé, G.; Béjar, V. J. S.; Guenther, E. W.; Henning, T.; Kaminski, A.; Kürster, M.; Lampón, M.; Lara, L. M.; Montes, D.; Morales, J. C.; Tal Or, L.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Zechmeister, M.; European Research Council (ERC); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Zapatero Osorio, M. R. [0000-0001-5664-2852]; Ribas, I. [0000-0002-6689-0312]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
Aims. We explore the capabilities of CARMENES for characterising hot-Jupiter atmospheres by targeting multiple water bands, in particular, those at 1.15 and 1.4 μm. Hubble Space Telescope observations suggest that this wavelength region is relevant for distinguishing between hazy and/or cloudy and clear atmospheres. Methods. We observed one transit of the hot Jupiter HD 189733 b with CARMENES. Telluric and stellar absorption lines were removed using SYSREM, which performs a principal component analysis including proper error propagation. The residual spectra were analysed for water absorption with cross-correlation techniques using synthetic atmospheric absorption models. Results. We report a cross-correlation peak at a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 6.6, revealing the presence of water in the transmission spectrum of HD 189733 b. The absorption signal appeared slightly blueshifted at –3.9 ± 1.3 km s−1. We measured the individual cross-correlation signals of the water bands at 1.15 and 1.4 μm, finding cross-correlation peaks at S/N of 4.9 and 4.4, respectively. The 1.4 μm feature is consistent with that observed with the Hubble Space Telescope. Conclusions. The water bands studied in this work have been mainly observed in a handful of planets from space. Being able also to detect them individually from the ground at higher spectral resolution can provide insightful information to constrain the properties of exoplanet atmospheres. Although the current multi-band detections can not yet constrain atmospheric haze models for HD 189733 b, future observations at higher S/N could provide an alternative way to achieve this aim.
Acceso Abierto
The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs Different roads to radii and masses of the target stars
(EDP Sciences, 2019-05-14) Schweitzer, A.; Passegger, V. M.; Cifuentes, C.; Béjar, V. J. S.; Cortés Contreras, M.; Caballero, J. A.; Del Burgo, C.; Czesla, S.; Kürster, M.; Montes, D.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Ribas, I.; Reiners, A.; Quirrenbach, A.; Amado, P. J.; Aceituno, J.; Anglada Escudé, G.; Bauer, F. F.; Dreizler, S.; Jeffers, S. V.; Guenther, E. W.; Henning, T.; Kaminski, A.; Lafarga, M.; Marfil, E.; Morales, J. C.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M.; Seifert, W.; Tabernero, H. M.; Zechmeister, M.; Solano, Enrique; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT); Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
Aims. We determine the radii and masses of 293 nearby, bright M dwarfs of the CARMENES survey. This is the first time that such a large and homogeneous high-resolution (R > 80 000) spectroscopic survey has been used to derive these fundamental stellar parameters. Methods. We derived the radii using Stefan–Boltzmann’s law. We obtained the required effective temperatures Teff from a spectral analysis and we obtained the required luminosities L from integrated broadband photometry together with the Gaia DR2 parallaxes. The mass was then determined using a mass-radius relation that we derived from eclipsing binaries known in the literature. We compared this method with three other methods: (1) We calculated the mass from the radius and the surface gravity log g, which was obtained from the same spectral analysis as Teff. (2) We used a widely used infrared mass-magnitude relation. (3) We used a Bayesian approach to infer stellar parameters from the comparison of the absolute magnitudes and colors of our targets with evolutionary models. Results. Between spectral types M0 V and M7 V our radii cover the range 0.1 R⊙ < R < 0.6 R⊙ with an error of 2–3% and our masses cover 0.09 ℳ⊙ < ℳ< 0.6ℳ⊙ with an error of 3–5%. We find good agreement between the masses determined with these different methods for most of our targets. Only the masses of very young objects show discrepancies. This can be well explained with the assumptions that we used for our methods.
Acceso Abierto
The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs Period search in Hα, Na I D, and Ca II IRT lines
(EDP Sciences, 2019-02-27) Fuhrmeister, B.; Czesla, S.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M.; Johnson, E. N.; Schöfer, P.; Jeffers, S. V.; Caballero, J. A.; Zechmeister, M.; Reiners, A.; Ribas, I.; Amado, P. J.; Quirrenbach, A.; Bauer, F. F.; Béjar, V. J. S.; Cortés Contreras, M.; Díez Alonso, E.; Dreizler, S.; Galadí Enríquez, D.; Guenther, E. W.; Kaminski, A.; Kürster, M.; Lafarga, M.; Montes, D.; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
We use spectra from CARMENES, the Calar Alto high-Resolution search for M dwarfs with Exo-earths with Near-infrared and optical Echelle Spectrographs, to search for periods in chromospheric indices in 16 M0–M2 dwarfs. We measure spectral indices in the Hα, the Ca II infrared triplet (IRT), and the Na I D lines to study which of these indices are best-suited to finding rotation periods in these stars. Moreover, we test a number of different period-search algorithms, namely the string length method, the phase dispersion minimisation, the generalized Lomb–Scargle periodogram, and the Gaussian process regression with quasi-periodic kernel. We find periods in four stars using Hα and in five stars using the Ca II IRT, two of which have not been found before. Our results show that both Hα and the Ca II IRT lines are well suited for period searches, with the Ca II IRT index performing slightly better than Hα. Unfortunately, the Na I D lines are strongly affected by telluric airglow, and we could not find any rotation period using this index. Further, different definitions of the line indices have no major impact on the results. Comparing the different search methods, the string length method and the phase dispersion minimisation perform worst, while Gaussian process models produce the smallest numbers of false positives and non-detections.
Acceso Abierto
The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs Photospheric parameters of target stars from high-resolution spectroscopy. II. Simultaneous multiwavelength range modeling of activity insensitive lines
(EDP Sciences, 2019-07-17) Passegger, V. M.; Schweitzer, A.; Shulyak, D.; Nagel, E.; Hauschildt, P. H.; Reiners, A.; Amado, P. J.; Caballero, J. A.; Cortés Contreras, M.; Domínguez Fernández, A. J.; Quirrenbach, A.; Ribas, I.; Azzaro, M.; Anglada Escudé, G.; Bauer, F. F.; Béjar, V. J. S.; Dreizler, S.; Guenther, E. W.; Henning, T.; Jeffers, S. V.; Kaminski, A.; Kürster, M.; Lafarga, M.; Martín, E. L.; Montes, D.; Morales, J. C.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M.; Zechmeister, M.; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); Nvidia; 0000-0002-8388-6040; 0000-0003-3734-9866; Centros de Excelencia Severo Ochoa, INSTITUTO DE ASTROFÍSICA DE CANARIAS (IAC), SEV-2015-0548; Centros de Excelencia Severo Ochoa, INSTITUTO DE ASTROFISICA DE ANDALUCIA (IAA), SEV-2017-0709; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
We present precise photospheric parameters of 282 M dwarfs determined from fitting the most recent version of PHOENIX models to high-resolution CARMENES spectra in the visible (0.52–0.96 μm) and NIR wavelength range (0.96–1.71 μm). With its aim to search for habitable planets around M dwarfs, several planets of different masses have been detected. The characterization of the target sample is important for the ability to derive and constrain the physical properties of any planetary systems that are detected. As a continuation of previous work in this context, we derived the fundamental stellar parameters effective temperature, surface gravity, and metallicity of the CARMENES M-dwarf targets from PHOENIX model fits using a χ2 method. We calculated updated PHOENIX stellar atmosphere models that include a new equation of state to especially account for spectral features of low-temperature stellar atmospheres as well as new atomic and molecular line lists. We show the importance of selecting magnetically insensitive lines for fitting to avoid effects of stellar activity in the line profiles. For the first time, we directly compare stellar parameters derived from multiwavelength range spectra, simultaneously observed for the same star. In comparison with literature values we show that fundamental parameters derived from visible spectra and visible and NIR spectra combined are in better agreement than those derived from the same spectra in the NIR alone.
Acceso Abierto
Water vapor detection in the transmission spectra of HD 209458 b with the CARMENES NIR channel
(EDP Sciences, 2019-09-23) Sánchez López, A.; Alonso Floriano, F. J.; López Puertas, M.; Snellen, I. A. G.; Funke, B.; Nagel, E.; Bauer, F. F.; Amado, P. J.; Caballero, J. A.; Czesla, S.; Nortmann, L.; Pallé, E.; Salz, M.; Reiners, A.; Ribas, I.; Quirrenbach, A.; Anglada Escudé, G.; Béjar, V. J. S.; Casasayas Barris, N.; Galadí Enríquez, D.; Guenther, E. W.; Henning, T.; Kaminski, A.; Kürster, M.; Lampón, M.; Lara, L. M.; Montes, D.; Morales, J. C.; Stangret, M.; Tal Or, L.; Sanz Forcada, J.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Zechmeister, M.; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN); Israel Science Foundation (ISF); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Sánchez López, A. [0000-0002-0516-7956]; Alonso Floriano, F. J. [0000-0003-1202-5734]; Snellen, I. [0000-0003-1624-3667]; Zapatero Osorio, M. R. [0000-0001-5664-2852]; Centros de Excelencia Severo Ochoa, INSTITUTO DE ASTROFISICA DE ANDALUCIA (IAA), SEV-2017-0709; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
Aims. We aim at detecting water vapor in the atmosphere of the hot Jupiter HD 209458 b and perform a multi-band study in the near infrared with CARMENES. Methods. The water vapor absorption lines from the atmosphere of the planet are Doppler-shifted due to the large change in its radial velocity during transit. This shift is of the order of tens of km s−1, whilst the Earth’s telluric and the stellar lines can be considered quasi-static. We took advantage of this shift to remove the telluric and stellar lines using SYSREM, which performs a principal component analysis including proper error propagation. The residual spectra contain the signal from thousands of planetary molecular lines well below the noise level. We retrieve the information from those lines by cross-correlating the residual spectra with models of the atmospheric absorption of the planet. Results. We find a cross-correlation signal with a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 6.4, revealing H2O in HD 209458 b. We obtain a net blueshift of the signal of –5.2 −1.3+2.6 km s−1 that, despite the large error bars, is a firm indication of day- to night-side winds at the terminator of this hot Jupiter. Additionally, we performed a multi-band study for the detection of H2O individually from the three near infrared bands covered by CARMENES. We detect H2O from its 0.96–1.06 μm band with a S/N of 5.8, and also find hints of a detection from the 1.06–1.26 μm band, with a low S/N of 2.8. No clear planetary signal is found from the 1.26–1.62 μm band. Conclusions. Our significant H2O signal at 0.96–1.06 μm in HD 209458 b represents the first detection of H2O from this band individually, the bluest one to date. The unfavorable observational conditions might be the reason for the inconclusive detection from the stronger 1.15 and 1.4 μm bands. H2O is detected from the 0.96–1.06 μm band in HD 209458 b, but hardly in HD 189733 b, which supports a stronger aerosol extinction in the latter, in line with previous studies. Future data gathered at more stable conditions and with larger S/N at both optical and near-infrared wavelengths could help to characterize the presence of aerosols in HD 209458 b and other planets.