Examinando por Autor "Martínez, G. M."

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Acceso Abierto
Lander and rover histories of dust accumulation on and removal from solar arrays on Mars
(Elsevier, 2021-11-01) Lorenz, R. D.; Martínez, G. M.; Spiga, A.; Vicente Retortillo, Á.; Newman, C. E.; Murdoch, N.; Forget, F.; Millour, E.; Pierron, T.; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR); Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
The degradation in electrical output of solar arrays on Mars landers and rovers is reviewed. A loss of 0.2% per Sol is typical, although observed rates of decrease in ‘dust factor’ vary between 0.05% and 2% per Sol. 0.2%/Sol has been observed throughout the first 800 Sols of the ongoing InSight mission, as well as the shorter Mars Pathfinder and Phoenix missions. This rate was also evident for much of the Spirit and Opportunity missions, but the degradation there was episodically reversed by cleaning events due to dust devils and gusts. The enduring success of those rover missions may have given an impression of the long-term viability of solar power on the Martian surface that is not globally-applicable: the occurrence of cleaning events with an operationally-useful frequency seems contingent upon local meteorological circumstances. The conditions for significant cleaning events have apparently not been realized at the InSight landing site, where, notably, dust devils have not been detected in imaging. Optical obscuration by dust deposition and removal has also been observed by ultraviolet sensors on Curiosity, with a similar (but slightly higher) degradation rate. The observations are compared with global circulation model (GCM) results: these predict a geographically somewhat uniform dust deposition rate, while there is some indication that the locations where cleaning events were more frequent may be associated with weaker background winds and a deeper planetary boundary layer. The conventional Dust Devil Activity metric in GCMs does not effectively predict the different dust histories.
Acceso Abierto
Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Studies of the Martian Atmosphere Over Jezero From Pressure Measurements
(AGU Advancing Earth and Space Science, 2022-11-01) Sánchez Lavega, A.; Del Río Gaztelurrutia, T.; Hueso, R.; De la Torre Juarez, M.; Martínez, G. M.; Harri, Ari-Matti; Genzer, M.; Hieta, M.; Polkko, J.; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.; Lemmon, M. T.; Pla García, J.; Toledo, D.; Vicente Retortillo, Á.; Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel; Munguira, A.; Tamppari, L. K.; Newman, C. E.; Gómez Elvira, J.; Guzewich, S. D.; Bertrand, T.; Arruego, I.; Wolff, Michael; Banfield, D.; Jaakonaho, I.; Mäkinen, T.; Apéstigue, Víctor; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Universities Space Research Association (USRA); Gobierno Vasco; Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
The pressure sensors on Mars rover Perseverance measure the pressure field in the Jezero crater on regular hourly basis starting in sol 15 after landing. The present study extends up to sol 460 encompassing the range of solar longitudes from Ls ∼ 13°–241° (Martian Year (MY) 36). The data show the changing daily pressure cycle, the sol-to-sol seasonal evolution of the mean pressure field driven by the CO2 sublimation and deposition cycle at the poles, the characterization of up to six components of the atmospheric tides and their relationship to dust content in the atmosphere. They also show the presence of wave disturbances with periods 2–5 sols, exploring their baroclinic nature, short period oscillations (mainly at night-time) in the range 8–24 min that we interpret as internal gravity waves, transient pressure drops with duration ∼1–150 s produced by vortices, and rapid turbulent fluctuations. We also analyze the effects on pressure measurements produced by a regional dust storm over Jezero at Ls ∼ 155°.
Acceso Abierto
Radiation and Dust Sensor for Mars Environmental Dynamic Analyzer Onboard M2020 Rover
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2022-04-10) Jiménez, J. J.; Boland, J.; Lemmon, M. T.; García Menéndez, Elisa; Rivas, J.; Azcue, J.; Bastide, L.; Andrés Santiuste, N.; Martínez Oter, J.; González Guerrero, M.; Toledo, D.; Álvarez Rios, F. J.; Serrano, F.; Martín Vodopivec, B.; Manzano, J.; López Heredero, R.; Carrasco, I.; Aparicio, S.; Carretero, Á.; MacDonald, D. R.; Moore, L. B.; Alcacera Gil, María Ángeles; Fernández Viguri, J. A.; Martín, I.; Yela González, M.; Álvarez, M.; Manzano, P.; Martín, J. A.; Reina, M.; Urquí, R.; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.; De la Torre Juárez, M.; Córdoba, E.; Leiter, R.; Thompson, A.; Madsen, S.; Smith, M. D.; Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel; Saix López, A.; Sánchez Lavega, A.; Apéstigue, Víctor; Gómez Martín, L.; Gonzalo Melchor, Alejandro; Martínez, G. M.; de Mingo Martín, José Ramón; Gómez Elvira, J.; Martín-Ortega, Alberto; Arruego, I.; del Hoyo Gordillo, Juan Carlos; Martín-Ortega, Alberto; González Hernández, Carmen; Martín-Ortega, Alberto; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Comunidad de Madrid; Gobierno Vasco; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
The Radiation and Dust Sensor is one of six sensors of the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer onboard the Perseverance rover from the Mars 2020 NASA mission. Its primary goal is to characterize the airbone dust in the Mars atmosphere, inferring its concentration, shape and optical properties. Thanks to its geometry, the sensor will be capable of studying dust-lifting processes with a high temporal resolution and high spatial coverage. Thanks to its multiwavelength design, it will characterize the solar spectrum from Mars’ surface. The present work describes the sensor design from the scientific and technical requirements, the qualification processes to demonstrate its endurance on Mars’ surface, the calibration activities to demonstrate its performance, and its validation campaign in a representative Mars analog. As a result of this process, we obtained a very compact sensor, fully digital, with a mass below 1 kg and exceptional power consumption and data budget features.
Acceso Abierto
Seasonal Variations in Atmospheric Composition as Measured in Gale Crater, Mars
(American Geophysical Union: Advancing Earth and Space Science, 2019-11-12) Trainer, M. G.; Wong, M. H.; McConnochie, T. H.; Franz, H. B.; Atreya, S. K.; Conrad, Pamela G.; Lefèvre, F.; Mahaffy, Paul R.; Malespin, C. A.; Manning, H. L. K.; Martín Torres, Javier; Martínez, G. M.; McKay, C. P.; Navarro González, R.; Vicente Retortillo, Á.; Webster, C. R.; Zorzano, María Paz; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Zorzano, M. P. [0000-0002-4492-9650]; Navarro González, R. [0000-0002-6078-7621]; Martín Torres, J. [0000-0001-6479-2236]; Vicente Retortillo, A. [0000-0002-4553-7624]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument onboard the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover measures the chemical composition of major atmospheric species (CO2, N2, 40Ar, O2, and CO) through a dedicated atmospheric inlet. We report here measurements of volume mixing ratios in Gale Crater using the SAM quadrupole mass spectrometer, obtained over a period of nearly 5 years (3 Mars years) from landing. The observation period spans the northern summer of MY 31 and solar longitude (LS) of 175° through spring of MY 34, LS = 12°. This work expands upon prior reports of the mixing ratios measured by SAM QMS in the first 105 sols of the mission. The SAM QMS atmospheric measurements were taken periodically, with a cumulative coverage of four or five experiments per season on Mars. Major observations include the seasonal cycle of CO2, N2, and Ar, which lags approximately 20–40° of LS behind the pressure cycle driven by CO2 condensation and sublimation from the winter poles. This seasonal cycle indicates that transport occurs on faster timescales than mixing. The mixing ratio of O2 shows significant seasonal and interannual variability, suggesting an unknown atmospheric or surface process at work. The O2 measurements are compared to several parameters, including dust optical depth and trace CH4 measurements by Curiosity. We derive annual mean volume mixing ratios for the atmosphere in Gale Crater: CO2 = 0.951 (±0.003), N2 = 0.0259 (±0.0006), 40Ar = 0.0194 (±0.0004), O2 = 1.61 (±0.09) x 10‐3, and CO = 5.8 (±0.8) x 10‐4.
Acceso Abierto
Surface Energy Budget, Albedo, and Thermal Inertia at Jezero Crater, Mars, as Observed From the Mars 2020 MEDA Instrument
(AGU Advancing Earth and Space Science, 2023-02) Martínez, G. M.; Sebastián, E.; Vicente Retortillo, Á.; Smith, Michael; Johnson, J. R.; Fischer, E.; Savijärvi, H.; Toledo, D.; Hueso, R.; Mora Sotomayor, L.; Gillespie, H.; Munguira, A.; Sánchez Lavega, A.; Lemmon, M. T.; Gómez, F.; Polkko, J.; Mandon, Lucía; Arruego, I.; Ramos, M.; Conrad, Pamela G.; Newman, C. E.; De la Torre Juarez, M.; Jordan, Francisco; Tamppari, L. K.; Mcconnochie, T. H.; Harri, Ari-Matti; Genzer, M.; Hieta, M.; Zorzano, María Paz; Siegler, M.; Prieto Ballesteros, O.; Molina, A.; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.; Apéstigue, Víctor; Comunidad de Madrid; Universities Space Research Association (USRA); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Gobierno Vasco; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (CNES); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) on board Perseverance includes first-of-its-kind sensors measuring the incident and reflected solar flux, the downwelling atmospheric IR flux, and the upwelling IR flux emitted by the surface. We use these measurements for the first 350 sols of the Mars 2020 mission (Ls ∼ 6°–174° in Martian Year 36) to determine the surface radiative budget on Mars and to calculate the broadband albedo (0.3–3 μm) as a function of the illumination and viewing geometry. Together with MEDA measurements of ground temperature, we calculate the thermal inertia for homogeneous terrains without the need for numerical thermal models. We found that (a) the observed downwelling atmospheric IR flux is significantly lower than the model predictions. This is likely caused by the strong diurnal variation in aerosol opacity measured by MEDA, which is not accounted for by numerical models. (b) The albedo presents a marked non-Lambertian behavior, with lowest values near noon and highest values corresponding to low phase angles (i.e., Sun behind the observer). (c) Thermal inertia values ranged between 180 (sand dune) and 605 (bedrock-dominated material) SI units. (d) Averages of albedo and thermal inertia (spatial resolution of ∼3–4 m2) along Perseverance's traverse are in very good agreement with collocated retrievals of thermal inertia from Thermal Emission Imaging System (spatial resolution of 100 m per pixel) and of bolometric albedo in the 0.25–2.9 μm range from (spatial resolution of ∼300 km2). The results presented here are important to validate model predictions and provide ground-truth to orbital measurements.
Acceso Abierto
The dynamic atmospheric and aeolian environment of Jezero crater, Mars
(Science Publishin Group, 2022-05-25) Newman, C. E.; Hueso, R.; Lemmon, M. T.; Munguira, A.; Vicente Retortillo, Á.; Martínez, G. M.; Toledo, D.; Sullivan, R.; Herkenhoff, K. E.; De la Torre Juárez, M.; Richardson, M. I.; Stott, A. E.; Murdoch, N.; Sánchez Lavega, A.; Wolff, M. J.; Arruego, I.; Sebastián, E.; Navarro, Sara; Gómez Elvira, J.; Tamppari, L. K.; Smith, M. D.; Lepinette, A.; Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel; Harri, Ari-Matti; Genzer, M.; Hieta, M.; Lorenz, R. D.; Conrad, Pamela G.; Gómez, F.; Mcconnochie, T. H.; Mimoun, D.; Tate, C.; Bertrand, T.; Belli, J. F.; Maki, Justin N.; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.; Wiens, R. C.; Chide, B.; Maurice, S.; Zorzano, María Paz; Mora, L.; Baker, M. M.; Banfield, D.; Pla García, J.; Beyssac, O.; Brown, Adrian Jon; Clark, B.; Montmessin, F.; Fischer, E.; Patel, P.; Del Río Gaztelurrutia, T.; Fouchet, T.; Francis, R.; Guzewich, S. D.; Apéstigue, Víctor; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Gobierno Vasco; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
Despite the importance of sand and dust to Mars geomorphology, weather, and exploration, the processes that move sand and that raise dust to maintain Mars’ ubiquitous dust haze and to produce dust storms have not been well quantified in situ, with missions lacking either the necessary sensors or a sufficiently active aeolian environment. Perseverance rover’s novel environmental sensors and Jezero crater’s dusty environment remedy this. In Perseverance’s first 216 sols, four convective vortices raised dust locally, while, on average, four passed the rover daily, over 25% of which were significantly dusty (“dust devils”). More rarely, dust lifting by nonvortex wind gusts was produced by daytime convection cells advected over the crater by strong regional daytime upslope winds, which also control aeolian surface features. One such event covered 10 times more area than the largest dust devil, suggesting that dust devils and wind gusts could raise equal amounts of dust under nonstorm conditions.