Copyright © 2023, The Author(s)Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.De la Torre Juárez, M.Sánchez Lavega, AgustínHueso, R.Martínez, GermánLemmon, M. T.Newman, C. E.Munguira, A.Hieta, M.Tamppari, L. K.Polkko, J.Toledo, D.Sebastian, D.Smith, M. D.Jaakonaho, I.Genzer, M.Vicente Retortillo, Á.Viúdez Moreiras, DanielRamos, M.Saiz López, A.Lepinette, A.Wolff, M.Sullivan, R. J.Gómez Elvira, J.Conrad, P.Del Río Gaztelurrutia, T.Murdoch, N.Arruego, I.Banfield, D.Boland, J.Brown, Adrian JonCeballos, J.Domínguez Pumar, M.Espejo, S.Fairén, A.Ferrándiz Guibelalde, RicardoFischer, E.García Villadangos, M.Giménez Torregrosa, S.Gómez Gómez, F.Guzewich, S. D.Harri, Ari-MattiJiménez Martín, Juan JoséJiménez, V.Makinen, TerhiMarín Jiménez, M.Martín Rubio, C.Martín Soler, J.Molina, A.Mora Sotomayor, L.Navarro, SaraPeinado, V.Pérez Grande, I.Pla García, J.Postigo, M.Prieto Ballesteros, O.Rafkin, S. C. R.Richardson, M. I.Romeral, J.Savijärv, H.Schofield, J. T.Torres, J.Urquí, R.Apéstigue, VíctorZurita, S.Romero Guzman, CatalinaCentro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-07372023-04-172023-04-172023-01-09Nature Geoscience 16:19–28 (2023)1752-0894https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-022-01084-0http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12666/88425 pags., 16 figs.NASA’s Perseverance rover’s Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer is collecting data at Jezero crater, characterizing the physical processes in the lowest layer of the Martian atmosphere. Here we present measurements from the instrument’s first 250 sols of operation, revealing a spatially and temporally variable meteorology at Jezero. We find that temperature measurements at four heights capture the response of the atmospheric surface layer to multiple phenomena. We observe the transition from a stable night-time thermal inversion to a daytime, highly turbulent convective regime, with large vertical thermal gradients. Measurement of multiple daily optical depths suggests aerosol concentrations are higher in the morning than in the afternoon. Measured wind patterns are driven mainly by local topography, with a small contribution from regional winds. Daily and seasonal variability of relative humidity shows a complex hydrologic cycle. These observations suggest that changes in some local surface properties, such as surface albedo and thermal inertia, play an influential role. On a larger scale, surface pressure measurements show typical signatures of gravity waves and baroclinic eddies in a part of the seasonal cycle previously characterized as low wave activity. These observations, both comengAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 InternationalAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/article10.1038/s41561-022-01084-01752-0908info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess